Main Article Content
Abstract
Drawing on an extension of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), this research investigates the factors influencing green purchasing intention (GPI) and willingness to pay a premium (WPP) for eco-friendly items. Two explanatory variables in the suggested framework are ethical obligation (EO) and environmental concern (EC). Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) was used to analyze data from 395 respondents, collected via a five-point Likert scale. According to the findings, EO and SN significantly boost GPI and WPP, whereas EC has a direct effect on GPI but none on WPP. Also, there seems to be an attitude-behavior gap between how environmentally concerned customers are and how much they are ready to pay for products, as the correlation between GPI and WPP is not very strong. These results emphasize the significance of ethical and societal considerations in shaping environmentally conscious purchasing decisions. This research has practical applications for marketers, enabling them to highlight ethical principles and social impact while marketing environmentally friendly goods, and it contributes to TPB's expansion by incorporating ethical issues.
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References
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- Ahmed, R. R., Streimikiene, D., Qadir, H., & Streimikis, J. (2023). Effect of green marketing mix, green customer value, and attitude on green purchase intention: evidence from the USA. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(5), 11473–11495. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-22944-7
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- Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
- Amoako, G. K., Dzogbenuku, R. K., Doe, J., & Adjaison, G. K. (2022). Green marketing and the SDGs: emerging market perspective. Marketing Intelligence and Planning, 40(3), 310–327. https://doi.org/10.1108/MIP-11-2018-0543
- Anh, D. T. V., Tam, D. D., Truong, D. D., & Huan, L. H. (2024). Perceptions and Customers' Willingness to Pay a Premium for Organic Food in Hanoi, Vietnam. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research, 22(2), 1297–1313. https://doi.org/10.15666/aeer/2202_12971313
- Bagheri, A., Bondori, A., Allahyari, M. S., & Damalas, C. A. (2019a). Modeling farmers' intention to use pesticides: An expanded version of the theory of planned behavior. Journal of Environmental Management, 248(June), 109291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109291
- Bagheri, A., Bondori, A., Allahyari, M. S., & Damalas, C. A. (2019b). Modeling farmers' intention to use pesticides: An expanded version of the theory of planned behavior. Journal of Environmental Management, 248(July), 109291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109291
- Beatson, A., Gottlieb, U., & Pleming, K. (2020). Green consumption practices for sustainability: an exploration through social practice theory. Journal of Social Marketing, 10(2), 197–213. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSOCM-07-2019-0102
- Carfora, V., Cavallo, C., Caso, D., Del Giudice, T., De Devitiis, B., Viscecchia, R., Nardone, G., & Cicia, G. (2019). Explaining consumer purchase behavior for organic milk: Including trust and green self-identity within the theory of planned behavior. Food Quality and Preference, 76(September 2018), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2019.03.006
- Carrión Bósquez, N. G., Arias-Bolzmann, L. G., & Martínez Quiroz, A. K. (2022). The influence of price and availability on university millennials' purchase intention for organic food products. British Food Journal, 125(2), 536–550. https://doi.org/10.1108/BFJ-12-2021-1340
- Chi, T., Gerard, J., Yu, Y., & Wang, Y. (2021). A study of U.S. consumers' intention to purchase slow fashion apparel: understanding the key determinants. International Journal of Fashion Design, Technology and Education, 14, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/17543266.2021.1872714
- Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief, attitude, intention and behaviour: An introduction to theory and research (Vol. 27).
- González-Rodríguez, M. R., Díaz-Fernández, M. C., & Font, X. (2019). Factors influencing the customers' willingness to pay a price premium for environmentally friendly hotels. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 32(1), 60–80. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-02-2019-0147
- Hao, Y., Liu, H., Chen, H., Sha, Y., Ji, H., & Fan, J. (2019). What affects consumers' willingness to pay for green packaging? Evidence from China. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 141(April 2018), 21–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2018.10.001
- Helferich, M., Thøgersen, J., & Bergquist, M. (2023). Direct and mediated impacts of social norms on pro-environmental behavior. Global Environmental Change, 80(June 2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2023.102680
- Jamshed, K., Haider, S., Shah, A., Al-Ghazali, B. M., Majeed, Z., & Jamshaid, S. (2022). Role of Green Leadership and Green Training on the Green Process Innovation: Mediation of Green Managerial Innovation. Journal of Xidian University, 16(2), 66–72. https://doi.org/10.37896/jxu16.2/006
- Khan, O., Varaksina, N., & Hinterhuber, A. (2024). The influence of cultural differences on consumers' willingness to pay more for sustainable fashion. Journal of Cleaner Production, 442(February), 141024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.141024
- Konuk, F. A. (2018). Antecedents of pregnant women's purchase intentions and willingness to pay a premium for organic food. British Food Journal, 120(7), 1561–1573. https://doi.org/10.1108/BFJ-11-2017-0631
- Konuk, F. A. (2019). Consumers' willingness to buy and willingness to pay for fair trade food: The influence of consciousness for fair consumption, environmental concern, trust, and innovativeness. Food Research International, 120(February), 141–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2019.02.018
- Kumar, A., Prakash, G., & Kumar, G. (2021). Does environmentally responsible purchase intention matter for consumers? A predictive sustainable model developed through an empirical study. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2020.102270
- Kumar, R. (2024). To save the environment is my moral duty: investigating young consumers' green purchase behaviour with a moderated mediation approach. Social Responsibility Journal, 20(8), 1508–1534. https://doi.org/10.1108/SRJ-02-2023-0066
- Lan Huong, T. T., Hong Mai, N. T., Mai, N. H., & Nhu, N. T. (2025). Consumer intention and willingness to pay a premium for green freight transportation: A case study in Hanoi, Vietnam. Transportation Research Procedia, 85, 52–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2025.03.133
- Lee, J.-S., Hsu, L.-T. (Jane), Han, H., & Kim, Y. (2010). Understanding how consumers view green hotels: how a hotel's green image can influence behavioural intentions. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 18(7), 901–914. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669581003777747
- Li, G., Li, W., Jin, Z., & Wang, Z. (2019). Influence of environmental concern and knowledge on households' willingness to purchase energy-efficient appliances: A case study in Shanxi, China. Sustainability (Switzerland), 11(4), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11041073
- Liu, M. T., Liu, Y., & Mo, Z. (2020). Moral norm is the key: An extension of the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) on Chinese consumers' green purchase intention. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 32(8), 1823–1841. https://doi.org/10.1108/APJML-05-2019-0285
- Moslehpour, M., Chau, K. Y., Du, L., Qiu, R., Lin, C.-Y., & Batbayar, B. (2022). Predictors of green purchase intention toward eco-innovation and green products: Evidence from Taiwan. Ekonomska Istraživanja / Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2022.2121934
- Moslehpour, M., Chau, K. Y., Du, L., Qiu, R., Lin, C. Y., & Batbayar, B. (2023). Predictors of green purchase intention toward eco-innovation and green products: Evidence from Taiwan. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istrazivanja , 36(2). https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2022.2121934
- Nguyen, M. T. T., Nguyen, L. H., & Nguyen, H. V. (2019). Materialistic values and green apparel purchase intention among young Vietnamese consumers. Young Consumers, 20(4), 246–263. https://doi.org/10.1108/YC-10-2018-0859
- Pandey, M., & Yadav, P. S. (2023). Understanding the role of individual concerns, attitude, and perceived value in green apparel purchase intention, the mediating effect of consumer involvement, and the moderating role of Generation Z and Y. Cleaner and Responsible Consumption, 9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clrc.2023.100120
- Purwianti, L., Nurjanah, L., Aqmi, A. L. Z., & Yulianto, E. (2025). Integrating TAM, TPB, and Time-Saving Orientation to Predict Continued Use of Online Food Delivery: Customer Experience in Distribution Services. Journal of Distribution Science, 23(3), 79–90. https://doi.org/10.15722/jds.23.03.202503.79
- Purwianti, L., Nurjanah, L., Katherine, K., & Chen, R. (2024). The Impact of TAM, Social Influence, and Information Quality on Purchase Intention in E-commerce. Jurnal Organisasi Dan Manajemen, 20(2), 187–206. https://doi.org/10.33830/jom.v20i2.9123.2024
- PwC. (2024). Consumers willing to pay 9.7% sustainability premium, even as cost-of-living and inflationary concerns weigh: PwC 2024 Voice of the Consumer Survey. https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/news-room/press-releases/2024/pwc-2024-voice-of-consumer-survey.html
- Rausch, T. M., & Kopplin, C. S. (2021). Bridge the gap: Consumers' purchase intention and behavior regarding sustainable clothing. Journal of Cleaner Production, 278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123882
- Rukhsar, Y. M., & Khanam, Z. (2024). Understanding the consumer purchase behaviour towards green electronic products: using insight from the theory of planned behaviour. IIM Ranchi Journal of Management Studies. https://doi.org/10.1108/IRJMS-01-2024-0002
- Sharpe, D., & Ziemer, J. (2022). Psychology, ethics, and research ethics boards. Ethics & Behavior, 32(8), 658–673. https://doi.org/10.1080/10508422.2021.2023019
- Sharpe, L., Todd, J., Scott, A., Gatzounis, R., Menzies, R. E., & Meulders, A. (2022). Safety behaviours or safety precautions? The role of subtle avoidance in anxiety disorders in the context of chronic physical illness. Clinical Psychology Review, 92, 102126. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2022.102126
- Si, H., Shi, J. G., Tang, D., Wen, S., Miao, W., & Duan, K. (2019). Application of the theory of planned behavior in environmental science: a comprehensive bibliometric analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(15). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16152788
- Sun, Z. Q., & Yoon, S. J. (2022). What Makes People Pay a Premium Price for Eco-Friendly Products? The Effects of Ethical Consumption Consciousness, CSR, and Product Quality. Sustainability (Switzerland), 14(23). https://doi.org/10.3390/su142315513
- Taufique, K. M. R., Polonsky, M. J., Vocino, A., & Siwar, C. (2019). Measuring consumer understanding and perception of eco-labelling: Item selection and scale validation. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 43(3), 298–314. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcs.12510
- Vermeir, I., & Verbeke, W. (2006). Sustainable Food Consumption: Exploring the Consumer "Attitude – Behavioral Intention" Gap. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics, 19(2), 169–194. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10806-005-5485-3
- Witek, L., & Kuźniar, W. (2021). Green Purchase Behavior: The Effectiveness of Sociodemographic Variables for Explaining Green Purchases in Emerging Markets. In Sustainability (Vol. 13, Issue 1). https://doi.org/10.3390/su13010209
- Yue, B., Sheng, G., She, S., & Xu, J. (2020). Impact of consumer environmental responsibility on green consumption behavior in China: The role of environmental concern and price sensitivity. Sustainability (Switzerland), 12(5), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12052074
References
Ahmed, N., Li, C., Khan, A., Qalati, S. A., Naz, S., & Rana, F. (2021). Purchase intention toward organic food among young consumers: a theory of planned behavior perspective on the roles of environmental concerns and environmental awareness. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 64(5), 796–822. https://doi.org/10.1080/09640568.2020.1785404
Ahmed, R. R., Streimikiene, D., Qadir, H., & Streimikis, J. (2023). Effect of green marketing mix, green customer value, and attitude on green purchase intention: evidence from the USA. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(5), 11473–11495. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-22944-7
Ajzen, I. (1985). From Intentions to Actions: A Theory of Planned Behavior BT - Action Control: From Cognition to Behavior (J. Kuhl & J. Beckmann (eds.); pp. 11–39). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-69746-3_2
Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
Amoako, G. K., Dzogbenuku, R. K., Doe, J., & Adjaison, G. K. (2022). Green marketing and the SDGs: emerging market perspective. Marketing Intelligence and Planning, 40(3), 310–327. https://doi.org/10.1108/MIP-11-2018-0543
Anh, D. T. V., Tam, D. D., Truong, D. D., & Huan, L. H. (2024). Perceptions and Customers' Willingness to Pay a Premium for Organic Food in Hanoi, Vietnam. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research, 22(2), 1297–1313. https://doi.org/10.15666/aeer/2202_12971313
Bagheri, A., Bondori, A., Allahyari, M. S., & Damalas, C. A. (2019a). Modeling farmers' intention to use pesticides: An expanded version of the theory of planned behavior. Journal of Environmental Management, 248(June), 109291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109291
Bagheri, A., Bondori, A., Allahyari, M. S., & Damalas, C. A. (2019b). Modeling farmers' intention to use pesticides: An expanded version of the theory of planned behavior. Journal of Environmental Management, 248(July), 109291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109291
Beatson, A., Gottlieb, U., & Pleming, K. (2020). Green consumption practices for sustainability: an exploration through social practice theory. Journal of Social Marketing, 10(2), 197–213. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSOCM-07-2019-0102
Carfora, V., Cavallo, C., Caso, D., Del Giudice, T., De Devitiis, B., Viscecchia, R., Nardone, G., & Cicia, G. (2019). Explaining consumer purchase behavior for organic milk: Including trust and green self-identity within the theory of planned behavior. Food Quality and Preference, 76(September 2018), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2019.03.006
Carrión Bósquez, N. G., Arias-Bolzmann, L. G., & Martínez Quiroz, A. K. (2022). The influence of price and availability on university millennials' purchase intention for organic food products. British Food Journal, 125(2), 536–550. https://doi.org/10.1108/BFJ-12-2021-1340
Chi, T., Gerard, J., Yu, Y., & Wang, Y. (2021). A study of U.S. consumers' intention to purchase slow fashion apparel: understanding the key determinants. International Journal of Fashion Design, Technology and Education, 14, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/17543266.2021.1872714
Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief, attitude, intention and behaviour: An introduction to theory and research (Vol. 27).
González-Rodríguez, M. R., Díaz-Fernández, M. C., & Font, X. (2019). Factors influencing the customers' willingness to pay a price premium for environmentally friendly hotels. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 32(1), 60–80. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-02-2019-0147
Hao, Y., Liu, H., Chen, H., Sha, Y., Ji, H., & Fan, J. (2019). What affects consumers' willingness to pay for green packaging? Evidence from China. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 141(April 2018), 21–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2018.10.001
Helferich, M., Thøgersen, J., & Bergquist, M. (2023). Direct and mediated impacts of social norms on pro-environmental behavior. Global Environmental Change, 80(June 2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2023.102680
Jamshed, K., Haider, S., Shah, A., Al-Ghazali, B. M., Majeed, Z., & Jamshaid, S. (2022). Role of Green Leadership and Green Training on the Green Process Innovation: Mediation of Green Managerial Innovation. Journal of Xidian University, 16(2), 66–72. https://doi.org/10.37896/jxu16.2/006
Khan, O., Varaksina, N., & Hinterhuber, A. (2024). The influence of cultural differences on consumers' willingness to pay more for sustainable fashion. Journal of Cleaner Production, 442(February), 141024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.141024
Konuk, F. A. (2018). Antecedents of pregnant women's purchase intentions and willingness to pay a premium for organic food. British Food Journal, 120(7), 1561–1573. https://doi.org/10.1108/BFJ-11-2017-0631
Konuk, F. A. (2019). Consumers' willingness to buy and willingness to pay for fair trade food: The influence of consciousness for fair consumption, environmental concern, trust, and innovativeness. Food Research International, 120(February), 141–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2019.02.018
Kumar, A., Prakash, G., & Kumar, G. (2021). Does environmentally responsible purchase intention matter for consumers? A predictive sustainable model developed through an empirical study. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2020.102270
Kumar, R. (2024). To save the environment is my moral duty: investigating young consumers' green purchase behaviour with a moderated mediation approach. Social Responsibility Journal, 20(8), 1508–1534. https://doi.org/10.1108/SRJ-02-2023-0066
Lan Huong, T. T., Hong Mai, N. T., Mai, N. H., & Nhu, N. T. (2025). Consumer intention and willingness to pay a premium for green freight transportation: A case study in Hanoi, Vietnam. Transportation Research Procedia, 85, 52–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2025.03.133
Lee, J.-S., Hsu, L.-T. (Jane), Han, H., & Kim, Y. (2010). Understanding how consumers view green hotels: how a hotel's green image can influence behavioural intentions. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 18(7), 901–914. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669581003777747
Li, G., Li, W., Jin, Z., & Wang, Z. (2019). Influence of environmental concern and knowledge on households' willingness to purchase energy-efficient appliances: A case study in Shanxi, China. Sustainability (Switzerland), 11(4), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11041073
Liu, M. T., Liu, Y., & Mo, Z. (2020). Moral norm is the key: An extension of the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) on Chinese consumers' green purchase intention. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 32(8), 1823–1841. https://doi.org/10.1108/APJML-05-2019-0285
Moslehpour, M., Chau, K. Y., Du, L., Qiu, R., Lin, C.-Y., & Batbayar, B. (2022). Predictors of green purchase intention toward eco-innovation and green products: Evidence from Taiwan. Ekonomska Istraživanja / Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2022.2121934
Moslehpour, M., Chau, K. Y., Du, L., Qiu, R., Lin, C. Y., & Batbayar, B. (2023). Predictors of green purchase intention toward eco-innovation and green products: Evidence from Taiwan. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istrazivanja , 36(2). https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2022.2121934
Nguyen, M. T. T., Nguyen, L. H., & Nguyen, H. V. (2019). Materialistic values and green apparel purchase intention among young Vietnamese consumers. Young Consumers, 20(4), 246–263. https://doi.org/10.1108/YC-10-2018-0859
Pandey, M., & Yadav, P. S. (2023). Understanding the role of individual concerns, attitude, and perceived value in green apparel purchase intention, the mediating effect of consumer involvement, and the moderating role of Generation Z and Y. Cleaner and Responsible Consumption, 9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clrc.2023.100120
Purwianti, L., Nurjanah, L., Aqmi, A. L. Z., & Yulianto, E. (2025). Integrating TAM, TPB, and Time-Saving Orientation to Predict Continued Use of Online Food Delivery: Customer Experience in Distribution Services. Journal of Distribution Science, 23(3), 79–90. https://doi.org/10.15722/jds.23.03.202503.79
Purwianti, L., Nurjanah, L., Katherine, K., & Chen, R. (2024). The Impact of TAM, Social Influence, and Information Quality on Purchase Intention in E-commerce. Jurnal Organisasi Dan Manajemen, 20(2), 187–206. https://doi.org/10.33830/jom.v20i2.9123.2024
PwC. (2024). Consumers willing to pay 9.7% sustainability premium, even as cost-of-living and inflationary concerns weigh: PwC 2024 Voice of the Consumer Survey. https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/news-room/press-releases/2024/pwc-2024-voice-of-consumer-survey.html
Rausch, T. M., & Kopplin, C. S. (2021). Bridge the gap: Consumers' purchase intention and behavior regarding sustainable clothing. Journal of Cleaner Production, 278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123882
Rukhsar, Y. M., & Khanam, Z. (2024). Understanding the consumer purchase behaviour towards green electronic products: using insight from the theory of planned behaviour. IIM Ranchi Journal of Management Studies. https://doi.org/10.1108/IRJMS-01-2024-0002
Sharpe, D., & Ziemer, J. (2022). Psychology, ethics, and research ethics boards. Ethics & Behavior, 32(8), 658–673. https://doi.org/10.1080/10508422.2021.2023019
Sharpe, L., Todd, J., Scott, A., Gatzounis, R., Menzies, R. E., & Meulders, A. (2022). Safety behaviours or safety precautions? The role of subtle avoidance in anxiety disorders in the context of chronic physical illness. Clinical Psychology Review, 92, 102126. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2022.102126
Si, H., Shi, J. G., Tang, D., Wen, S., Miao, W., & Duan, K. (2019). Application of the theory of planned behavior in environmental science: a comprehensive bibliometric analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(15). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16152788
Sun, Z. Q., & Yoon, S. J. (2022). What Makes People Pay a Premium Price for Eco-Friendly Products? The Effects of Ethical Consumption Consciousness, CSR, and Product Quality. Sustainability (Switzerland), 14(23). https://doi.org/10.3390/su142315513
Taufique, K. M. R., Polonsky, M. J., Vocino, A., & Siwar, C. (2019). Measuring consumer understanding and perception of eco-labelling: Item selection and scale validation. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 43(3), 298–314. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcs.12510
Vermeir, I., & Verbeke, W. (2006). Sustainable Food Consumption: Exploring the Consumer "Attitude – Behavioral Intention" Gap. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics, 19(2), 169–194. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10806-005-5485-3
Witek, L., & Kuźniar, W. (2021). Green Purchase Behavior: The Effectiveness of Sociodemographic Variables for Explaining Green Purchases in Emerging Markets. In Sustainability (Vol. 13, Issue 1). https://doi.org/10.3390/su13010209
Yue, B., Sheng, G., She, S., & Xu, J. (2020). Impact of consumer environmental responsibility on green consumption behavior in China: The role of environmental concern and price sensitivity. Sustainability (Switzerland), 12(5), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12052074