Main Article Content
Abstract
Recent advancements in natural language generation (NLG) have revolutionized content creation, enabling artificial intelligence (AI) tools to produce coherent and seemingly authentic texts, including scholarly papers. While AI-generated content offers efficiencies in speed and volume, concerns over authenticity, ethical implications, and academic integrity persist. This review explores methods and considerations for identifying AI-generated research papers, emphasizing the need to distinguish between human-authored and AI-generated content to uphold scholarly standards and ensure transparency in research. Key detection techniques include textual analysis, metadata examination, and content evaluation. Ethical concerns regarding AI's role in research are also discussed, underscoring the importance of ongoing research to refine identification methodologies and maintain research integrity.
Keywords
Article Details

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
References
- Amirjalili, F., Neysani, M., & Nikbakht, A. (2024). Exploring the boundaries of authorship: A comparative analysis of AI-generated text and human academic writing in English literature. Frontiers in Education, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2024.1347421
- Ballester, P. L. (2023). Open science and software assistance: Commentary on “Artificial Intelligence Can Generate Fraudulent but Authentic-Looking Scientific Medical Articles: Pandora’s Box Has Been Opened.” Journal of Medical Internet Research, 25(2023), Article e46924. https://doi.org/10.2196/49323
- Chan, C. K., & Hu, W. (2023). Students’ voices on generative AI: Perceptions, benefits, and challenges in higher education. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 20(1), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-023-00411-8
- Darwin, Rusdin, D., Mukminatien, N., Suryati, N., Laksmi, E. D., & Marzuki. (2024). Critical thinking in the AI era: An exploration of EFL students’ perceptions, benefits, and limitations. Cogent Education, 11(1), 2290342.
- Dergaa, I., Chamari, K., Zmijewski, P., & Saad, H. B. (2023). From human writing to artificial intelligence generated text: Examining the prospects and potential threats of ChatGPT in academic writing. Biology of Sport, 40(2), 615-622. https://doi.org/10.5114/biolsport.2023.125623
- Dwivedi, Y. K., Kshetri, N., Hughes, L., Slade, E. L., Jeyaraj, A., Kar, A. K., ... Wright, R. (2023). Opinion Paper: “So what if ChatGPT wrote it?” Multidisciplinary perspectives on opportunities, challenges and implications of generative conversational AI for research, practice and policy. International Journal of Information Management, 71, 102642. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2023.102642
- Elkhatat, A. M., Elsaid, K., & Almeer, S. (2023). Evaluating the efficacy of AI content detection tools in differentiating between human and AI-generated text. International Journal of Educational Integration, 19(17). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40979-024-00153-8
- Gluska, J. (2023, June 6). How to check if something was written with AI. Gold Penguin. https://goldpenguin.org/blog/check-for-ai-content/
- Gustilo, L., Ong, E., & Lapinid, M. R. (2024). Algorithmically-driven writing and academic integrity: Exploring educators' practices, perceptions, and policies in AI era. International Journal of Educational Integration, 20(3). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40979-024-00153-8
- Herbold, S., Hautli-Janisz, A., Heuer, U., et al. (2023). A large-scale comparison of human-written versus ChatGPT-generated essays. Scientific Reports, 13, 18617. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-45644-9
- Imamguluyev, R. (2023). The Rise of GPT-3: Implications for Natural Language Processing and Beyond. March 2023. https://doi.org/10.55248/gengpi.2023.4.33987
- Konfo, T. R. C., Djouhou, F. M. C., Hounhouigan, M. H., Dahouenon-Ahoussi, E., Avlessi, F., & Sohounhloue, C. K. D. (2023). Recent advances in the use of digital technologies in agri-food processing: A short review. Applied Food Research, 3(2), 100329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.afres.2023.100329
- Labadze, L., Grigolia, M., & Machaidze, L. (2023). Role of AI chatbots in education: Systematic literature review. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 20(1), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-023-00426-1
- Lucchi, N. (2023). ChatGPT: A case study on copyright challenges for generative artificial intelligence systems. European Journal of Risk Regulation, 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1017/err.2023.59
- Malik, A. R., Pratiwi, Y., Andajani, K., Numertayasa, I. W., Suharti, S., & Darwis, A. (2023). Exploring Artificial Intelligence in Academic Essay: Higher Education Student's Perspective. International Journal of Educational Research Open, 5, 100296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedro.2023.100296
- Mhlanga, D. (2023). Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422
- Nguyen, A., Ngo, H. N., Hong, Y., et al. (2023). Ethical principles for artificial intelligence in education. Educational Information Technology, 28, 4221-4241. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-023-01129-y
- Perkins, M. (2023). Academic Integrity considerations of AI Large Language Models in the post-pandemic era: ChatGPT and beyond. Journal of University Teaching & Learning Practice, 20(2). https://doi.org/10.53761/1.20.02.07
- Radicic, D., & Petković, S. (2023). Impact of digitalization on technological innovations in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 191, 122474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2023.122474
- Rozear, H., & Park, S. (2023, March 9). ChatGPT and fake citations. Duke University Libraries Blogs. https://blogs.library.duke.edu/blog/2023/03/09/chatgpt-and-fake-citations/
- Saraswat, M. (2024, March 20). Common words that scream "AI wrote this." Bing Microsoft/AI Writing a Content. Retrieved from https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/common-words-scream-ai-wrote-mukul-sharma-rawef/
- Tang, A., Li, K.-K., Kwok, K. O., Tam, W. W. S., & Tam, W. W. S. (2023). The importance of transparency: Declaring the use of generative artificial intelligence (AI) in academic writing. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 56(2).
- Walter, Y. (2024). Embracing the future of Artificial Intelligence in the classroom: The relevance of AI literacy, prompt engineering, and critical thinking in modern education. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 21(1), 1-29.
- Wang, X., Kumar, V., Kumari, A., & Kuzmin, E. (2022). Impact of digital technology on supply chain efficiency in manufacturing industry. In V. Kumar, A. Kumari, & E. Kuzmin (Eds.), Digital Transformation in Industry (pp. 25). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94617-3_25
- Yusuf, A., & Pervin, N. (2024). Generative AI and the future of higher education: A threat to academic integrity or reformation? Evidence from multicultural perspectives. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 21(1), 1-29. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-024-00453-6
References
Amirjalili, F., Neysani, M., & Nikbakht, A. (2024). Exploring the boundaries of authorship: A comparative analysis of AI-generated text and human academic writing in English literature. Frontiers in Education, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2024.1347421
Ballester, P. L. (2023). Open science and software assistance: Commentary on “Artificial Intelligence Can Generate Fraudulent but Authentic-Looking Scientific Medical Articles: Pandora’s Box Has Been Opened.” Journal of Medical Internet Research, 25(2023), Article e46924. https://doi.org/10.2196/49323
Chan, C. K., & Hu, W. (2023). Students’ voices on generative AI: Perceptions, benefits, and challenges in higher education. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 20(1), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-023-00411-8
Darwin, Rusdin, D., Mukminatien, N., Suryati, N., Laksmi, E. D., & Marzuki. (2024). Critical thinking in the AI era: An exploration of EFL students’ perceptions, benefits, and limitations. Cogent Education, 11(1), 2290342.
Dergaa, I., Chamari, K., Zmijewski, P., & Saad, H. B. (2023). From human writing to artificial intelligence generated text: Examining the prospects and potential threats of ChatGPT in academic writing. Biology of Sport, 40(2), 615-622. https://doi.org/10.5114/biolsport.2023.125623
Dwivedi, Y. K., Kshetri, N., Hughes, L., Slade, E. L., Jeyaraj, A., Kar, A. K., ... Wright, R. (2023). Opinion Paper: “So what if ChatGPT wrote it?” Multidisciplinary perspectives on opportunities, challenges and implications of generative conversational AI for research, practice and policy. International Journal of Information Management, 71, 102642. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2023.102642
Elkhatat, A. M., Elsaid, K., & Almeer, S. (2023). Evaluating the efficacy of AI content detection tools in differentiating between human and AI-generated text. International Journal of Educational Integration, 19(17). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40979-024-00153-8
Gluska, J. (2023, June 6). How to check if something was written with AI. Gold Penguin. https://goldpenguin.org/blog/check-for-ai-content/
Gustilo, L., Ong, E., & Lapinid, M. R. (2024). Algorithmically-driven writing and academic integrity: Exploring educators' practices, perceptions, and policies in AI era. International Journal of Educational Integration, 20(3). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40979-024-00153-8
Herbold, S., Hautli-Janisz, A., Heuer, U., et al. (2023). A large-scale comparison of human-written versus ChatGPT-generated essays. Scientific Reports, 13, 18617. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-45644-9
Imamguluyev, R. (2023). The Rise of GPT-3: Implications for Natural Language Processing and Beyond. March 2023. https://doi.org/10.55248/gengpi.2023.4.33987
Konfo, T. R. C., Djouhou, F. M. C., Hounhouigan, M. H., Dahouenon-Ahoussi, E., Avlessi, F., & Sohounhloue, C. K. D. (2023). Recent advances in the use of digital technologies in agri-food processing: A short review. Applied Food Research, 3(2), 100329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.afres.2023.100329
Labadze, L., Grigolia, M., & Machaidze, L. (2023). Role of AI chatbots in education: Systematic literature review. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 20(1), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-023-00426-1
Lucchi, N. (2023). ChatGPT: A case study on copyright challenges for generative artificial intelligence systems. European Journal of Risk Regulation, 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1017/err.2023.59
Malik, A. R., Pratiwi, Y., Andajani, K., Numertayasa, I. W., Suharti, S., & Darwis, A. (2023). Exploring Artificial Intelligence in Academic Essay: Higher Education Student's Perspective. International Journal of Educational Research Open, 5, 100296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedro.2023.100296
Mhlanga, D. (2023). Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422
Nguyen, A., Ngo, H. N., Hong, Y., et al. (2023). Ethical principles for artificial intelligence in education. Educational Information Technology, 28, 4221-4241. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-023-01129-y
Perkins, M. (2023). Academic Integrity considerations of AI Large Language Models in the post-pandemic era: ChatGPT and beyond. Journal of University Teaching & Learning Practice, 20(2). https://doi.org/10.53761/1.20.02.07
Radicic, D., & Petković, S. (2023). Impact of digitalization on technological innovations in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 191, 122474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2023.122474
Rozear, H., & Park, S. (2023, March 9). ChatGPT and fake citations. Duke University Libraries Blogs. https://blogs.library.duke.edu/blog/2023/03/09/chatgpt-and-fake-citations/
Saraswat, M. (2024, March 20). Common words that scream "AI wrote this." Bing Microsoft/AI Writing a Content. Retrieved from https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/common-words-scream-ai-wrote-mukul-sharma-rawef/
Tang, A., Li, K.-K., Kwok, K. O., Tam, W. W. S., & Tam, W. W. S. (2023). The importance of transparency: Declaring the use of generative artificial intelligence (AI) in academic writing. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 56(2).
Walter, Y. (2024). Embracing the future of Artificial Intelligence in the classroom: The relevance of AI literacy, prompt engineering, and critical thinking in modern education. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 21(1), 1-29.
Wang, X., Kumar, V., Kumari, A., & Kuzmin, E. (2022). Impact of digital technology on supply chain efficiency in manufacturing industry. In V. Kumar, A. Kumari, & E. Kuzmin (Eds.), Digital Transformation in Industry (pp. 25). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94617-3_25
Yusuf, A., & Pervin, N. (2024). Generative AI and the future of higher education: A threat to academic integrity or reformation? Evidence from multicultural perspectives. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 21(1), 1-29. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-024-00453-6