The Moderating Role of Internal Locus of Control on the Influence of Lifestyle and Work-Life Balance on the Performance of Employees Pursuing Studies in Jakarta
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
This study examines the effects of lifestyle and work-life balance on employee performance among working students in Jakarta and investigates whether internal locus of control moderates these relationships. A quantitative approach was employed, involving 100 full-time employees who were pursuing undergraduate or postgraduate studies and were selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected using structured questionnaires and analyzed using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) with SmartPLS 4. The results indicate that lifestyle has a positive but statistically insignificant effect on employee performance (β = 0.126, p = 0.218), whereas work-life balance has a positive and statistically significant effect (β = 0.260, p = 0.011). Furthermore, internal locus of control does not significantly moderate the relationship between lifestyle and employee performance (β = 0.138, p = 0.233) or the relationship between work-life balance and employee performance (β = −0.107, p = 0.346). These findings suggest that work-life balance is an important predictor of employee performance among working students in the study sample. However, the proposed moderating role of internal locus of control is not supported by the empirical evidence. This study highlights the importance of work-life balance in human resource management and indicates the need for further research into the individual and contextual factors associated with employee performance among working students.
Downloads
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
References
Alzadjali, B., & Ahmad, S. Z. (2024). The impacts of a high-commitment work system on well-being: The mediating role of organization support and employee work-life balance. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management.
Allen, T. D., & French, K. A. (2023). Work-family research: A review and next steps. Personnel Psychology, 76(2), 437–471. https://doi.org/10.1111/peps.12573
An, Y., et al. (2021). Core self-evaluations associated with workaholism: The mediating role of perceived job demands. Personnel Review. https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-05-2019-0263
Asfahani, A. M. (2024). Link between job burnout antecedents and consequences: An empirical study on higher education faculty members in Saudi context. Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education. https://doi.org/10.1108/JARHE-03-2023-0125
Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2017). Job demands-resources theory: Taking stock and looking forward. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 22(3), 273–285. https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000056
Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Sanz-Vergel, A. I. (2023). Job demands-resources theory: Ten years later. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 10, 25–53. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-120920-053933
Bertolini, S., & Poggio, B. (Eds.). (2022). Research handbook on work-life balance: Emerging issues and methodological challenges. Edward Elgar Publishing.
Bhumika, B. (2022). Challenges for work-life balance during COVID-19 induced lockdown: Exploring gender difference in emotional exhaustion in Indian setting. Gender in Management: An International Journal. https://doi.org/10.1108/GM-06-2020-0163
Casper, W. J., et al. (2025). How effective are work-life balance policies? The importance of inclusion. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 12, 73–108. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-110622-050544
Chen, L., Wang, Y., & Zhang, Q. (2023). Work-life balance policies and organizational outcomes: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Applied Psychology, 108(2), 245–261.
Costa, G., Sartori, S., & Åkerstedt, T. (2023). Relationships between lifestyle, quality of life, organizational culture, and employee well-being. International Journal of Workplace Health Management. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10475239/
Ford, M. T., Heinen, B. A., & Langkamer, K. L. (2007). Work and family satisfaction and conflict: A meta-analysis of cross-domain relations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(1), 57–80. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.92.1.57
Greenhaus, J. H., & Allen, T. D. (2011). Work-family balance: A review and extension of the literature. In J. C. Quick & L. E. Tetrick (Eds.), Handbook of occupational health psychology (2nd ed., pp. 165–183). American Psychological Association.
Grzywacz, J. G., & Bass, B. L. (2022). The association between employee lifestyles and rates of mental health-related absenteeism. Journal of Organizational Behavior. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11576526/
Gupta, S. (2020). Balancing professional and personal life: A comprehensive review. Human Resource Management Review, 30(3), 100–115.
Haar, J. M., Russo, M., Suñe, A., & Ollier-Malaterre, A. (2014). Outcomes of work-life balance on job satisfaction, life satisfaction and mental health: A study across seven cultures. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 85(3), 361–373. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2014.08.010
Hobfoll, S. E., Halbesleben, J., Neveu, J.-P., & Westman, M. (2018). Conservation of resources in the organizational context: The reality of resources and their consequences. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 5, 103–128. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-032117-104640
Kalliath, T., & Brough, P. (2008). Work-life balance: A review of the meaning of the balance construct. Journal of Management & Organization, 14(3), 323–327. https://doi.org/10.5172/jmo.837.14.3.323
Kaur, P., & Sharma, A. (2021). Work-life balance and job satisfaction: A study on the role of employee motivation. Management Research Review.
Koopmans, L., Bernaards, C. M., Hildebrandt, V. H., Schaufeli, W. B., de Vet, H. C. W., & van der Beek, A. J. (2011). Conceptual frameworks of individual work performance: A systematic review. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 53(8), 856–866. https://doi.org/10.1097/JOM.0b013e318226a763
Koopmans, L., Bernaards, C. M., Hildebrandt, V. H., de Vet, H. C. W., & van der Beek, A. J. (2014). Measuring individual work performance: Identifying and selecting indicators. Work, 48(2), 229–238. https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-131659
Kossek, E. E., Pichler, S., Bodner, T., & Hammer, L. B. (2011). Workplace social support and work-family conflict: A meta-analysis clarifying the influence of general and work-family-specific supervisor and organizational support. Personnel Psychology, 64(2), 289–313. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2011.01211.x
Kumar, R., & Singh, D. (2023). Impact of lifestyle on employee performance: Evidence from emerging economies. Journal of Human Resource Management.
Lee, H., & Anderson, S. (2021). Core self-evaluations associated with workaholism: The mediating role of perceived job demands. Personnel Review, 50(6), 1574–1590.
Lee, J., & Park, S. (2024). Lifestyle demands and employee burnout: The double-edged sword effect. International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics.
Lee, J., Kim, H., & Park, S. (2022). Lifestyle patterns and work performance: Longitudinal evidence from multinational corporations. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 159, 45–58.
Michel, J. S., Kotrba, L. M., Mitchelson, J. K., Clark, M. A., & Baltes, B. B. (2011). Antecedents of work-family conflict: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 32(5), 689–725. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.695
Ng, T. W. H., Feldman, D. C., & Liu, D. (2021). Revisiting locus of control as a moderator in work stress-performance relationships. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 42(3), 387–404. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2470
Ng, T. W. H., Sorensen, K. L., & Eby, L. T. (2006). Locus of control at work: A meta-analysis. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 27(8), 1057–1087. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.416
Nguyen, T. T., & Nguyen, L. T. (2023). The moderating effect of internal locus of control on work stress and performance.
Novak, M., Smith, J., & Muller, C. (2024). Correlation between employee performance, well-being, job satisfaction and life satisfaction in sedentary jobs. Journal of Business Research.
Park, M., & Kim, E. (2021). Revisiting locus of control in the digital age. Journal of Management Studies, 58(4), 789–812.
Park, S., & Lee, J. (2020). The impact of lifestyle on employee productivity: A context-dependent approach. Journal of Business and Psychology, 35(4), 515–526. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-019-09660-w
Puri, V., & Sharma, R. (2022). Work-family conflict and its impact on work-life balance among student employees. Journal of Managerial Psychology.
Rotter, J. B. (1966). Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement. Psychological Monographs: General and Applied, 80(1), 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0092976
Saraiva, M., & Nogueiro, T. (2025). Perspectives and realities of disengagement among younger Generation Y and Z workers in contemporary work dynamics. Administrative Sciences, 15(4), Article 133.
Sirgy, M. J., & Lee, D.-J. (2018). Work-life balance: An integrative review. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 13, 229–254. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-017-9509-8
Smith, A., & Johnson, B. (2021). Healthy employees, productive workforce: Evidence from 50 companies. Academy of Management Journal, 64(3), 890–915.
Smith, C. A., & Lazarus, R. S. (2020). Emotional differences in cognitive appraisals: The moderating role of locus of control. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
Sonnentag, S., & Fritz, C. (2015). Recovery from job stress: The stressor-detachment model as an integrative framework. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 36(S1), S72–S103. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.1924
Srivastava, S., & Saxena, A. (2025). Deciphering how workplace hazing evokes quiet quitting among Gen Z employees in the hotel industry. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Insights. https://doi.org/10.1108/JHTI-10-2024-1133
Super, D. E. (1980). A life-span, life-space approach to career development. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 16(3), 282–298. https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-8791(80)90056-1
Tan, S., & Wong, A. (2023). Effects of work-life balance on employee productivity: An empirical study among millennials. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources.
Thompson, R. (2020). Cognitive factors in work performance: The mediating role of control beliefs. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 41(5), 456–470.
Wang, Q., Bowling, N. A., & Eschleman, K. J. (2010). A meta-analytic examination of work and general locus of control. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95(4), 761–768. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017707
Wong, K. P., Chan, A. H. S., & Teh, P.-L. (2020). How is work-life balance arrangement associated with organisational performance? A meta-analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(12), Article 4446. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124446