Main Article Content
Abstract
This study explores the branding strategy of Batik Sido Asih in Giriloyo Batik Village, Yogyakarta, focusing on how it attracts consumer interest amid competition from mass-produced batik and contemporary fashion trends. Using a qualitative descriptive approach, data were gathered through interviews with the owner, artisans, and customers, participant observation in the gallery and workshop, and documentation of digital promotional materials. Thematic analysis, following Miles and Huberman’s framework, identified key dimensions of branding based on Aaker’s Brand Equity Model: (1) brand awareness, (2) perceived quality, (3) brand associations, and (4) brand loyalty. Findings reveal that Batik Sido Asih builds strong brand awareness through consistent visual identity and active use of Instagram and TikTok. Traditional hand-drawn techniques using natural dyes sustain the perceived quality, which is openly demonstrated to consumers. Cultural storytelling and family heritage strengthen brand associations, while loyalty is fostered through personal interactions, workshops, and cultural tourism experiences. The study highlights how Batik Sido Asih integrates digital channels with traditional values, offering a model for micro-scale cultural enterprises. Theoretically, this research contributes to cultural branding literature in SMEs, while practically, it provides insights for traditional craft entrepreneurs to design authentic and competitive branding strategies in a digital marketplace.
Keywords
Article Details

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
References
- Aaker, D. (1991). Aaker’s Brand Equity Model. European Institute for Brand Management, 1–3. http://www.eurib.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Documenten/PDF/Merkmeerwaarde_ENGELS/s_-_Brand_equity_model_by_Aaker_EN_.pdf
- Aaker, D. (2014). Aaker on Branding: 20 Principles That Drive Success - David Aaker - Google Libros. In Morgan James Publishing (Vol. 3, pp. 1–2). Ahmadi, A., & Ataei, A. (2024). Emotional attachment: a bridge between brand reputation and brand advocacy. Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Administration, 16(1). https://doi.org/10.1108/APJBA-11-2021-0579
- Alvian, R. D., & Sumarlan, I. (2025). Exploring CSR Strategies and Their Impact on Brand Awareness. Golden Ratio of Marketing and Applied Psychology of Business, 5(2), 604–615. https://doi.org/10.52970/grmapb.v5i2.1253
- Anand, V., & Kumar, D. V. S. (2023). Is Brand Identity Aligned with Brand Image on Instagram? An Empirics-First Investigation of the Indian Brands. Asia Pacific Journal of Information Systems, 33(3). https://doi.org/10.14329/apjis.2023.33.3.768
- Appiah-Nimo, K. … Devey, R. (2024). Consumer-based brand equity of South African luxury fashion brands. Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management: An International Journal, 28(4), 775–791. https://doi.org/10.1108/JFMM-10-2021-0277
- Atmaja, D. S. E. … Sudiarso, A. (2025). Comparative study of integral image and normalized cross-correlation methods for defect detection on Batik klowong fabric. Results in Engineering, 25(November 2024), 104124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2025.104124
- Balmer, J. M. T. (2012). Strategic corporate brand alignment: Perspectives from identity-based views of corporate brands. In European Journal of Marketing (Vol. 46, Issue 7). https://doi.org/10.1108/03090561211230205
- Burghausen, M. (2023). The presence of the omni-temporal: theoretical foundations of (corporate) brand heritage design. Journal of Brand Management, 30(2), 129–143. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41262-022-00302-9
- Cahyani, I. P. … Widianingsih, Y. (2023). Digital Storytelling in Cultural Tourism: A Sustainable Communication Approach at the Lasem Heritage Foundation. International Journal of Management, Entrepreneurship, Social Science and Humanities, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.31098/ijmesh.v6i1.1348
- Campillo-Alhama, C., & Martínez-Sala, A. M. (2019). Events 2.0 in the transmedia branding strategy of world cultural heritage sites. Profesional de la Información, 28(5). https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2019.sep.09
- Confos, N., & Davis, T. (2016). Young consumer-brand relationship building potential using digital marketing. European Journal of Marketing, 50(11). https://doi.org/10.1108/EJM-07-2015-0430
- D.Aaker (1991). Aaker’s Brand Equity Model. European Institute for Brand Management, 1–3.
- Delgado-Ballester, E. (2020). Effect of underdog (vs topdog) brand storytelling on brand identification: exploring multiple mediation mechanisms. Journal of Product and Brand Management, 30(4), 626–638. https://doi.org/10.1108/JPBM-11-2019-2639
- Di Paolo, F. … Lamberti, L. (2025). Brand strategy in the metaverse: Insights from companies venturing into virtual environments. Journal of Innovation & Knowledge, 10(3), 100710. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jik.2025.100710
- Diputra, I. G. A. W., & Yasa, N. N. (2021). The Influence of Product Quality, Brand Image, and Brand Trust on Customer Satisfaction and Loyalty. American International Journal of Business Management (AIJBM), 4(01), 25–34.
- Gallart-Camahort, V. … García, J. S. (2023). Influence of the Internet on Retailers’ Perceived Quality in the Generation of Retailers’ Brand Equity. Vision, 27(1), 33–47. https://doi.org/10.1177/0972262921992212
- Goma, N. S. … Marta, R. F. (2022). Strategi Komunikasi Pemasaran Paguyuban Batik Tulis Giriloyo Menghadapi Pandemi COVID-19. Komunikasiana: Journal of Communication Studies, 4(1), 40. https://doi.org/10.24014/kjcs.v4i1.17963
- Grenni, S. … Soini, K. (2020). Linking spatial planning and place branding strategies through cultural narratives in places. European Planning Studies, 28(7). https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2019.1701292
- Hemsley-Brown, J., & Alnawas, I. (2016). Service quality and brand loyalty: The mediation effect of brand passion, brand affection, and self-brand connection. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 28(12). https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-09-2015-0466
- Holt, D. (2004). How is Cultural Branding Different? In How Brands Become Icons (pp. 13–38). Harvard Business School Press.
- Hussain, S. … Shar, S. (2025). Brand loyalty and repurchase intention in the face of opportunistic recalls: The moderating role of perceived dialogical CSR communication. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 84(December 2024), 104226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2025.104226
- Kamadi, Y. … Bayani, H. D. (2022). Enhancing Brand Awareness Through Digital Communication Strategies. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology, 100(23), 7176–7186.
- Kihia, G. (2017). STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT PRACTICES' EFFECT ON GROWTH OF SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES IN NAIROBI. UNITED STATES INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY, 1(1).
- La Rose, T., & Detlor, B. (2021). Social Work Digital Storytelling Project: Digital Literacy, Digital Storytelling, and the Makerspace. Research on Social Work Practice, 31(6). https://doi.org/10.1177/1049731521992427
- Latiff, Z. A., & Safiee, N. A. S. (2015). New Business Set Up for Branding Strategies on Social Media – Instagram. Procedia Computer Science, 72, 13–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2015.12.100
- Liu, Q. … Mascarenhas, J. (2022). A framework of digital technologies for the circular economy: Digital functions and mechanisms. Business Strategy and the Environment, 31(5). https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.3015
- Mandung, F. (2024). The Influence of Storytelling Techniques in Digital Marketing on Brand Loyalty: A Consumer Psychology Perspective. Golden Ratio of Marketing and Applied Psychology of Business, 5(1), 66–78. https://doi.org/10.52970/grmapb.v5i1.782
- Mariam, S. (2024). Building Competitive Advantage Through Information Technology Integration in Marketing and Branding Management Strategies. Golden Ratio of Mapping Idea and Literature Format, 4(2), 111–139. https://doi.org/10.52970/grmilf.v4i2.356
- Marković, I. … Stojanović, N. (2022). The Influence of the Brand Personality Concept on Consumer Satisfaction and Loyalty. Management: Journal of Sustainable Business and Management Solutions in Emerging Economies. https://doi.org/10.7595/management.fon.2022.0001
- Miles, M. B., & Huberman, M. (1994). Qualitative Data Analysis: An Expanded Sourcebook. Sage Publications, Inc.
- Nawaz, S. … Nawaz, M. Z. (2020). Role of Brand Love and Consumers’ Demographics in Building Consumer–Brand Relationship. SAGE Open, 10(4). https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244020983005
- Nguyen Quoc, T. … Duong, N.-H. (2025). Examining green packaging, branding, and eco-labeling strategies: The case of young consumers’ perceptions and responses in the F&B industry. Cleaner and Responsible Consumption, 16(December 2024), 100258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clrc.2025.100258
- Puckett, C. (2022). Digital Adaptability: A New Measure for Digital Inequality Research. Social Science Computer Review, 40(3), 641–662. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439320926087
- Putra, A. H. P. K. … Pramukti, A. (2023). Optimizing Marketing Management Strategies Through IT Innovation: Big Data Integration for Better Consumer Understanding. Golden Ratio of Mapping Idea and Literature Format, 3(1), 71–91. https://doi.org/10.52970/grmilf.v3i1.398
- Putra, A. H. P. K., & Rivera, K. M. (2024). Digital Transformation and Its Implications for Macroeconomic Performance: A Responsive and Adaptive Management Strategy Approach. Golden Ratio of Mapping Idea and Literature Format, 4(2), 91–110. https://doi.org/10.52970/grmilf.v4i2.355
- Qian, L. (2020). The Art of Performing Affectation: Manufacturing and Branding an Enterprising Self by Chinese E-Commerce Traders. Asian Studies Review. https://doi.org/10.1080/10357823.2020.1792413
- Qiu, L. … Kim, J. N. (2024). Enhancing brand equity in popular culture tourism: testing the role of fandom in a serial mediation model. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 29(8), 922–941. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2024.2351123
- Raj, A. B., & Goute, A. K. (2025). Internal Branding and Technostress among Employees: The Mediating Role of Employee Wellbeing and Moderating Effects of Digital Internal Communication. Acta Psychologica, 255(December 2024), 104943. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.104943
- Ramadhani, S., & Sudarwanto, A. (2024). Filosofi “ Triasih ” Pada Penciptaan Desain Motif Batik Yang Bermakna Harapan. Urnal Pendidikan, Bahasa, Sastra, Seni, Dan Budaya, 4(2), 55–58.
- Romero, M. J. R., & Abril, C. (2024). Exploring the dimensions of NGO donor-based brand equity: A literature review. Nonprofit Management and Leadership, 35(1), 219–235. https://doi.org/10.1002/nml.21601
- Rozenkowska, K. (2023). Theory of planned behavior in consumer behavior research: A systematic literature review. In International Journal of Consumer Studies (Vol. 47, Issue 6, pp. 2670–2700). John Wiley and Sons Inc. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcs.12970
- Sarjiyanto … Firdaus, R. B. R. (2023). Sustainable Industry, Culture and Community Development: a Case Study of Kampung Batik Laweyan, Indonesia. Journal of Sustainability Science and Management, 18(1), 163–180. https://doi.org/10.46754/jssm.2023.01.010
- Shaalan, A. … Ashour, H. (2022). Understanding consumer-based brand equity and its antecedents in international and national banks in Egypt. Journal of Marketing Communications, 28(1), 38–72. https://doi.org/10.1080/13527266.2020.1832137
- Sugiarto, E. … Krisnawati, M. (2025). How is ethnopedagogy-based education implemented? (A case study on the heritage of batik in Indonesia). Cogent Education, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2025.2466245
- Vollrath, M. D., & Villegas, S. G. (2022). Avoiding digital marketing analytics myopia: revisiting the customer decision journey as a strategic marketing framework. Journal of Marketing Analytics, 10(2). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41270-020-00098-0
- Wesnina, W. … Noerharyono, M. (2025). Integrating traditional and contemporary digital techniques: an analysis of Indonesian batik motif evolution. Cogent Arts and Humanities, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311983.2025.2474845
- Yousaf, M. F. … Yusof, M. H. M. (2023). Social Media Interactive Advertising and Purchase Intention of the UAE Customers: An Empirical Analysis. Sains Malaysiana, 52(8). https://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2023-5208-06
- Zwerin, A. … Clarke, I. (2020). Traditional and Emerging Integrated Marketing Communication Touchpoints Used in Effie Award-Winning Promotional Campaigns. Journal of Promotion Management, 26(2). https://doi.org/10.1080/10496491.2019.1699626
References
Aaker, D. (1991). Aaker’s Brand Equity Model. European Institute for Brand Management, 1–3. http://www.eurib.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Documenten/PDF/Merkmeerwaarde_ENGELS/s_-_Brand_equity_model_by_Aaker_EN_.pdf
Aaker, D. (2014). Aaker on Branding: 20 Principles That Drive Success - David Aaker - Google Libros. In Morgan James Publishing (Vol. 3, pp. 1–2). Ahmadi, A., & Ataei, A. (2024). Emotional attachment: a bridge between brand reputation and brand advocacy. Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Administration, 16(1). https://doi.org/10.1108/APJBA-11-2021-0579
Alvian, R. D., & Sumarlan, I. (2025). Exploring CSR Strategies and Their Impact on Brand Awareness. Golden Ratio of Marketing and Applied Psychology of Business, 5(2), 604–615. https://doi.org/10.52970/grmapb.v5i2.1253
Anand, V., & Kumar, D. V. S. (2023). Is Brand Identity Aligned with Brand Image on Instagram? An Empirics-First Investigation of the Indian Brands. Asia Pacific Journal of Information Systems, 33(3). https://doi.org/10.14329/apjis.2023.33.3.768
Appiah-Nimo, K. … Devey, R. (2024). Consumer-based brand equity of South African luxury fashion brands. Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management: An International Journal, 28(4), 775–791. https://doi.org/10.1108/JFMM-10-2021-0277
Atmaja, D. S. E. … Sudiarso, A. (2025). Comparative study of integral image and normalized cross-correlation methods for defect detection on Batik klowong fabric. Results in Engineering, 25(November 2024), 104124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2025.104124
Balmer, J. M. T. (2012). Strategic corporate brand alignment: Perspectives from identity-based views of corporate brands. In European Journal of Marketing (Vol. 46, Issue 7). https://doi.org/10.1108/03090561211230205
Burghausen, M. (2023). The presence of the omni-temporal: theoretical foundations of (corporate) brand heritage design. Journal of Brand Management, 30(2), 129–143. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41262-022-00302-9
Cahyani, I. P. … Widianingsih, Y. (2023). Digital Storytelling in Cultural Tourism: A Sustainable Communication Approach at the Lasem Heritage Foundation. International Journal of Management, Entrepreneurship, Social Science and Humanities, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.31098/ijmesh.v6i1.1348
Campillo-Alhama, C., & Martínez-Sala, A. M. (2019). Events 2.0 in the transmedia branding strategy of world cultural heritage sites. Profesional de la Información, 28(5). https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2019.sep.09
Confos, N., & Davis, T. (2016). Young consumer-brand relationship building potential using digital marketing. European Journal of Marketing, 50(11). https://doi.org/10.1108/EJM-07-2015-0430
D.Aaker (1991). Aaker’s Brand Equity Model. European Institute for Brand Management, 1–3.
Delgado-Ballester, E. (2020). Effect of underdog (vs topdog) brand storytelling on brand identification: exploring multiple mediation mechanisms. Journal of Product and Brand Management, 30(4), 626–638. https://doi.org/10.1108/JPBM-11-2019-2639
Di Paolo, F. … Lamberti, L. (2025). Brand strategy in the metaverse: Insights from companies venturing into virtual environments. Journal of Innovation & Knowledge, 10(3), 100710. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jik.2025.100710
Diputra, I. G. A. W., & Yasa, N. N. (2021). The Influence of Product Quality, Brand Image, and Brand Trust on Customer Satisfaction and Loyalty. American International Journal of Business Management (AIJBM), 4(01), 25–34.
Gallart-Camahort, V. … García, J. S. (2023). Influence of the Internet on Retailers’ Perceived Quality in the Generation of Retailers’ Brand Equity. Vision, 27(1), 33–47. https://doi.org/10.1177/0972262921992212
Goma, N. S. … Marta, R. F. (2022). Strategi Komunikasi Pemasaran Paguyuban Batik Tulis Giriloyo Menghadapi Pandemi COVID-19. Komunikasiana: Journal of Communication Studies, 4(1), 40. https://doi.org/10.24014/kjcs.v4i1.17963
Grenni, S. … Soini, K. (2020). Linking spatial planning and place branding strategies through cultural narratives in places. European Planning Studies, 28(7). https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2019.1701292
Hemsley-Brown, J., & Alnawas, I. (2016). Service quality and brand loyalty: The mediation effect of brand passion, brand affection, and self-brand connection. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 28(12). https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-09-2015-0466
Holt, D. (2004). How is Cultural Branding Different? In How Brands Become Icons (pp. 13–38). Harvard Business School Press.
Hussain, S. … Shar, S. (2025). Brand loyalty and repurchase intention in the face of opportunistic recalls: The moderating role of perceived dialogical CSR communication. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 84(December 2024), 104226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2025.104226
Kamadi, Y. … Bayani, H. D. (2022). Enhancing Brand Awareness Through Digital Communication Strategies. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology, 100(23), 7176–7186.
Kihia, G. (2017). STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT PRACTICES' EFFECT ON GROWTH OF SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES IN NAIROBI. UNITED STATES INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY, 1(1).
La Rose, T., & Detlor, B. (2021). Social Work Digital Storytelling Project: Digital Literacy, Digital Storytelling, and the Makerspace. Research on Social Work Practice, 31(6). https://doi.org/10.1177/1049731521992427
Latiff, Z. A., & Safiee, N. A. S. (2015). New Business Set Up for Branding Strategies on Social Media – Instagram. Procedia Computer Science, 72, 13–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2015.12.100
Liu, Q. … Mascarenhas, J. (2022). A framework of digital technologies for the circular economy: Digital functions and mechanisms. Business Strategy and the Environment, 31(5). https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.3015
Mandung, F. (2024). The Influence of Storytelling Techniques in Digital Marketing on Brand Loyalty: A Consumer Psychology Perspective. Golden Ratio of Marketing and Applied Psychology of Business, 5(1), 66–78. https://doi.org/10.52970/grmapb.v5i1.782
Mariam, S. (2024). Building Competitive Advantage Through Information Technology Integration in Marketing and Branding Management Strategies. Golden Ratio of Mapping Idea and Literature Format, 4(2), 111–139. https://doi.org/10.52970/grmilf.v4i2.356
Marković, I. … Stojanović, N. (2022). The Influence of the Brand Personality Concept on Consumer Satisfaction and Loyalty. Management: Journal of Sustainable Business and Management Solutions in Emerging Economies. https://doi.org/10.7595/management.fon.2022.0001
Miles, M. B., & Huberman, M. (1994). Qualitative Data Analysis: An Expanded Sourcebook. Sage Publications, Inc.
Nawaz, S. … Nawaz, M. Z. (2020). Role of Brand Love and Consumers’ Demographics in Building Consumer–Brand Relationship. SAGE Open, 10(4). https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244020983005
Nguyen Quoc, T. … Duong, N.-H. (2025). Examining green packaging, branding, and eco-labeling strategies: The case of young consumers’ perceptions and responses in the F&B industry. Cleaner and Responsible Consumption, 16(December 2024), 100258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clrc.2025.100258
Puckett, C. (2022). Digital Adaptability: A New Measure for Digital Inequality Research. Social Science Computer Review, 40(3), 641–662. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439320926087
Putra, A. H. P. K. … Pramukti, A. (2023). Optimizing Marketing Management Strategies Through IT Innovation: Big Data Integration for Better Consumer Understanding. Golden Ratio of Mapping Idea and Literature Format, 3(1), 71–91. https://doi.org/10.52970/grmilf.v3i1.398
Putra, A. H. P. K., & Rivera, K. M. (2024). Digital Transformation and Its Implications for Macroeconomic Performance: A Responsive and Adaptive Management Strategy Approach. Golden Ratio of Mapping Idea and Literature Format, 4(2), 91–110. https://doi.org/10.52970/grmilf.v4i2.355
Qian, L. (2020). The Art of Performing Affectation: Manufacturing and Branding an Enterprising Self by Chinese E-Commerce Traders. Asian Studies Review. https://doi.org/10.1080/10357823.2020.1792413
Qiu, L. … Kim, J. N. (2024). Enhancing brand equity in popular culture tourism: testing the role of fandom in a serial mediation model. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 29(8), 922–941. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2024.2351123
Raj, A. B., & Goute, A. K. (2025). Internal Branding and Technostress among Employees: The Mediating Role of Employee Wellbeing and Moderating Effects of Digital Internal Communication. Acta Psychologica, 255(December 2024), 104943. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.104943
Ramadhani, S., & Sudarwanto, A. (2024). Filosofi “ Triasih ” Pada Penciptaan Desain Motif Batik Yang Bermakna Harapan. Urnal Pendidikan, Bahasa, Sastra, Seni, Dan Budaya, 4(2), 55–58.
Romero, M. J. R., & Abril, C. (2024). Exploring the dimensions of NGO donor-based brand equity: A literature review. Nonprofit Management and Leadership, 35(1), 219–235. https://doi.org/10.1002/nml.21601
Rozenkowska, K. (2023). Theory of planned behavior in consumer behavior research: A systematic literature review. In International Journal of Consumer Studies (Vol. 47, Issue 6, pp. 2670–2700). John Wiley and Sons Inc. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcs.12970
Sarjiyanto … Firdaus, R. B. R. (2023). Sustainable Industry, Culture and Community Development: a Case Study of Kampung Batik Laweyan, Indonesia. Journal of Sustainability Science and Management, 18(1), 163–180. https://doi.org/10.46754/jssm.2023.01.010
Shaalan, A. … Ashour, H. (2022). Understanding consumer-based brand equity and its antecedents in international and national banks in Egypt. Journal of Marketing Communications, 28(1), 38–72. https://doi.org/10.1080/13527266.2020.1832137
Sugiarto, E. … Krisnawati, M. (2025). How is ethnopedagogy-based education implemented? (A case study on the heritage of batik in Indonesia). Cogent Education, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2025.2466245
Vollrath, M. D., & Villegas, S. G. (2022). Avoiding digital marketing analytics myopia: revisiting the customer decision journey as a strategic marketing framework. Journal of Marketing Analytics, 10(2). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41270-020-00098-0
Wesnina, W. … Noerharyono, M. (2025). Integrating traditional and contemporary digital techniques: an analysis of Indonesian batik motif evolution. Cogent Arts and Humanities, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311983.2025.2474845
Yousaf, M. F. … Yusof, M. H. M. (2023). Social Media Interactive Advertising and Purchase Intention of the UAE Customers: An Empirical Analysis. Sains Malaysiana, 52(8). https://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2023-5208-06
Zwerin, A. … Clarke, I. (2020). Traditional and Emerging Integrated Marketing Communication Touchpoints Used in Effie Award-Winning Promotional Campaigns. Journal of Promotion Management, 26(2). https://doi.org/10.1080/10496491.2019.1699626