Article Sidebar

Download
Download Article

Main Article Content

Abstract

The study empirically examined the role of spiritual intelligence in the nexus between work-family conflict and employees’ career satisfaction in the banking industry of Ghana. Design, methodology/approach-Given the reliance on explanatory research design, the study utilized structured questionnaire for gathering the primary data quantitatively from 335 randomly selected participants. A second-order model was configured in SMART PLS for testing of the directional hypotheses formulated. Findings- Both family-to-work and work-to-family conflict account for significant changes in employee career satisfaction. Also, the moderation analysis showed that spiritual intelligence brought variance into the model and had a small but significant positive effect on the relationship between work-to-family conflict and career satisfaction. The second effect of spiritual intelligence also brought variance into the model and had a small but significant negative effect on the relation between family-to-work and career satisfaction. Research limitations- Rural banks and other financial institutions were not included in the study, hence limiting the generalization of the findings from this perspective. Practical implication- Management of banks in Ghana would be encouraged to take specific actions that are likely to reduce the conflict between work and family roles to help their employees achieve their career satisfaction. Again, spiritual intelligence can be taught and encouraged at the workplace to help mitigate the psychological disorder created because of work-family conflict. Originality/value-Empirically, this study is the first of its kind that has sought to shed light on an understanding of the moderating effect spiritual intelligence on the nexus between work-family conflict and employees' career satisfaction in the Ghanaian banking sector the in Sub-Saharan country-context.

Keywords

Work-Family Conflict Spiritual Intelligence Career Satisfaction Banking Industry Ghana

Article Details

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Author Biographies

Emmanuel Essandoh, University of Cape Coast

 

 

Isaac Tetteh Kwao, University of Cape Coast

 

 

 

Dorothy Amfo-Antiri, University of Cape Coast

 

 

How to Cite
Essandoh, E., Ofori Appiah, S., Tetteh Kwao, I., & Amfo-Antiri, D. . (2023). Work-Family Conflict and Career Satisfaction of Employees in The Banking Industry of Ghana: The Role of Spiritual Intelligence. Golden Ratio of Human Resource Management, 3(1), 55–69. https://doi.org/10.52970/grhrm.v3i1.286
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)
BibTeX

References

  1. Abdoli, K. K., & Sheihki, Z. (2013). Investigation of relationship between spiritual intelligence and job erosion. Journal of Basic and Applied Scientific Research, 3(2), 227-233.
  2. Agha, K., Alzoubi, H. M., & Alshurideh, M. T. (2021, June). Measuring Reliability and Validity Instruments of Technologically Driven Cognitive Intrusion Towards Work-Life Balance. In The International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Computer Vision (pp. 601-614). Springer, Cham. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-76346-6_53
  3. Ahmad, A., Hussain, A., Mahmood, A., Ahmad, A., Ikram, A., & Yasmin, S. (2021). Research Article Quantifying the Consequences of Perceived Stress in the Textile and Clothing Sector through Structural Equation Modelling. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5597111
  4. Ahmed, A., Arshad, M. A., Mahmood, A., & Akhtar, S. (2016). Holistic human resource development: balancing the equation through the inclusion of spiritual quotient. Journal of Human Values, 22(3), 165-179. https://doi.org/10.1177/0971685816650573
  5. Ahuja, M. K., Chudoba, K. M., Kacmar, C. J., McKnight, D. H., & George, J. F. (2007). IT road warriors: Balancing work-family conflict, job autonomy, and work overload to mitigate turnover intentions. Mis Quarterly, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.2307/25148778
  6. Amram, Y. (2007, August). The seven dimensions of spiritual intelligence: An ecumenical, grounded theory. In 115th annual conference of the American psychological association, San Francisco, CA (Vol. 12).
  7. Amram, Y., & Dryer, C. (2008, August). The integrated spiritual intelligence scale (ISIS): Development and preliminary validation. In 116th Annual Conference of the American Psychological Association (Vol. 1, p. 46). Boston, MA: American Psychological Association. http://dx.doi.org/10.12730/13091719.2012.32.61
  8. Anwar, M. (2016). Effects of spiritual intelligence and emotional intelligence on organizational citizenship behavior: a study on Islamic banks in Malaysia. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/JIABR-10-2016-0123
  9. Appau, B. K., Marfo-Yiadom, E., & Kusi, L. Y. (2021). Performance implication of talent management and innovative work behaviour in colleges of education in Ghana. International Journal of Economics and Business Administration, 7(1), 112-128.
  10. Arham, A. F., Norizan, N. S., Ridzuan, A. R., Alwi, S. N. N. N. S., & Arham, A. F. (2019). Work–Life Conflicts among Women in Malaysia: A Preliminary Study. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 9(9), 614-623.
  11. Aryee, S., Fields, D., & Luk, V. (1999). A cross-cultural test of a model of the work-family interface. Journal of management, 25(4), 491-511. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1177/014920639902500402
  12. Baezzat, F., & Sharifzadeh, H. (2013). Relationship between spiritual intelligence and emotional intelligence with job stress in university employees. https://doi.org/10.21315%2Fmjms2018.25.6.10
  13. Ballout, H. I. (2008). Work-family conflict and career success: The effects of domain-specific determinants. Journal of Management Development, 27(5), 437–466. https://doi.org/10.1108/02621710810871781
  14. Barnum, B. S. (2006). Spirituality in nursing: From traditional to new age. Springer Publishing Company.
  15. Benitez, J., Henseler, J., Castillo, A., & Schuberth, F. (2020). How to perform and report an impactful analysis using partial least squares: Guidelines for confirmatory and explanatory IS research. Information & Management, 57(2), 103168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2019.05.003
  16. Boakye, A. O., Fiakpornu, J., Yeboah, S., & Addai, P. (2022). Effect of Job Demand and Support on Work-Family Conflict in Selected Banking Institutions in Ghana. SEISENSE Business Review, 2(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.33215/sbr.v2i1.757
  17. Bowen, P., Govender, R., Edwards, P., & Cattell, K. (2018). Work-related contact, work–family conflict, psychological distress and sleep problems experienced by construction professionals: An integrated explanatory model. Construction management and economics, 36(3), 153-174. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01446193.2017.1341638
  18. Burchielli, R., Bartram, T., & Thanacoody, R. (2008). Work-family balance or greedy organizations? Relations Industrielles/Industrial Relations, 63(1), 108-133. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23078158
  19. Butt, M., Hu, B., Shafi, K., & Malik, B. H. (2015). The negative relationship between work family conflict and career satisfaction and the role of individual differences. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 5(8), 102-113. http://dx.doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v5-i8/1766
  20. Chin, W. W. (1998). Commentary: Issues and opinion on structural equation modeling. MIS quarterly, vii-xvi. http://www.jstor.org/stable/249674.
  21. Coetzee, M., & Bester, M. S. (2019). Probing the role of psychosocial career mechanisms in the harmonious work passion-career satisfaction link. Personnel Review. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1108/PR-01-2018-0023
  22. Cohen, J. (1988). Set correlation and contingency tables. Applied psychological measurement, 12(4), 425-434. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1177/014662168801200410
  23. Dahling, J. J., & Lauricella, T. K. (2017). Linking job design to subjective career success: A test of self-determination theory. Journal of Career Assessment, 25(3), 371-388. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1177/1069072716639689
  24. Direnzo, M. S., Greenhaus, J. H., & Weer, C. H. (2015). Relationship between protean career orientation and work–life balance: A resource perspective. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 36(4), 538-560. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1002/job.1996
  25. Dodanwala, T. C., San Santoso, D., & Shrestha, P. (2022). The mediating role of work–family conflict on role overload and job stress linkage. Built Environment Project and Asset Management, (ahead-of-print). http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ECAM-12-2020-1048
  26. Dotsey, S., & Kumi, E. (2020, May). Does religious faith matter in development practice? Perspectives from the Savelugu-Nanton district in northern Ghana. In Forum for Development Studies (Vol. 47, No. 2, pp. 351-381). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.1002/jid.3697
  27. Dubbelt, L., Demerouti, E., & Rispens, S. (2019). The value of job crafting for work engagement, task performance, and career satisfaction: longitudinal and quasi-experimental evidence. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 28(3), 300-314. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1080/1359432X.2019.1576632
  28. Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error: Algebra and statistics. https://doi.org/10.2307/3150980
  29. French, K. A., Dumani, S., Allen, T. D., & Shockley, K. M. (2018). A meta-analysis of work–family conflict and social support. Psychological bulletin, 144(3), 284. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/bul0000120
  30. Fry, L. W., Vitucci, S., & Cedillo, M. (2005). Spiritual leadership and army transformation: Theory, measurement, and establishing a baseline. The leadership quarterly, 16(5), 835-862. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1016/j.leaqua.2005.07.012
  31. George, L. K., Larson, D. B., Koenig, H. G., & McCullough, M. S. (2000). Spirituality and health: What we know. Journal of social and clinical psychology, 19(1), 200. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2000.19.1.102
  32. Gini, G., & Pozzoli, T. (2013). Bullied children and psychosomatic problems: A meta-analysis. Pediatrics, 132(4), 720-729. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1542/peds.2013-0614
  33. Goode, W. J. (1960). A theory of role strain. American sociological review, 483-496. https://doi.org/10.2307/2092933
  34. Gordon, J. R., & Whelan, K. S. (1998). Successful professional women in midlife: How organizations can more effectively understand and respond to the challenges. Academy of Management Perspectives, 12(1), 8-24.
  35. Grandey, A. A., Fisk, G. M., & Steiner, D. D. (2005). Must" service with a smile" be stressful? The moderating role of personal control for American and French employees. Journal of applied psychology, 90(5), 893. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0021-9010.90.5.893
  36. Greenhaus, J. H., & Beutell, N. J. (1985). Sources of conflict between work and family roles. Academy of management review, 10(1), 76-88. https://doi.org/10.2307/258214
  37. Greenhaus, J. H., & Kossek, E. E. (2014). The contemporary career: A work–home perspective. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 1(1), 361-388. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-031413-091324
  38. Greenhaus, J. H., & ten Brummelhuis, L. L. (2013). Models and frameworks underlying work–life research. In Handbook of work–life integration among professionals (pp. 14-34). Edward Elgar Publishing. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.4337/9781781009291.00010
  39. Greenhaus, J. H., Parasuraman, S., & Wormley, W. M. (1990). Effects of race on organizational experiences, job performance evaluations, and career outcomes. Academy of management Journal, 33(1), 64-86. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.2307/256352
  40. Haar, J. M., Russo, M., Suñe, A., & Ollier-Malaterre, A. (2014). Outcomes of work–life balance on job satisfaction, life satisfaction and mental health: A study across seven cultures. Journal of vocational behavior, 85(3), 361-373. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2014.08.010
  41. Hair, J. F., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. European business review, 31(1), 2-24. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-11-2018-0203
  42. Haslam, D., Filus, A., Morawska, A., Sanders, M. R., & Fletcher, R. (2015). The Work–Family Conflict Scale (WAFCS): Development and initial validation of a self-report measure of work–family conflict for use with parents. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 46(3), 346-357. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-014-0476-0
  43. Hou, J., DA, S., Wei, Y., & Zhang, X. (2022). Work-family conflict and withdrawal behavior among mainland China’s IT employees: the mediating role of emotional exhaustion and moderating role of job autonomy. Industrial Health, 2021-0136. https://doi.org/10.2486%2Findhealth.2021-0136
  44. Jabeen, F., & Isakovic, A. A. (2018). Examining the impact of organizational culture on trust and career satisfaction in the UAE public sector: A competing values perspective. Employee Relations. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ER-02-2017-0038
  45. Jordan, P. J., & Troth, A. C. (2020). Common method bias in applied settings: The dilemma of researching in organizations. Australian Journal of Management, 45(1), 3-14. https://doi.org/10.1177/0312896219871976
  46. Judge, T. A., Scott, B. A., & Ilies, R. (2006). Hostility, job attitudes, and workplace deviance: test of a multilevel model. Journal of Applied psychology, 91(1), 126. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0021-9010.91.1.126
  47. Kasler, J., Walter, O., & Elias, M. J. (2022). Life satisfaction in emerging adults: The role of emotional and spiritual intelligences. Journal of American College Health, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2022.2058881
  48. Keeton, K., Fenner, D. E., Johnson, T. R., & Hayward, R. A. (2007). Predictors of physician career satisfaction, work–life balance, and burnout. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 109(4), 949-955. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.aog.0000258299.45979.37
  49. Kissi-Abrokwah, B., Andoh-Robertson, T., Tutu-Danquah, C., & Agbesi, C. S. (2015). Examining Work and Family Conflict among Female Bankers in Accra Metropolis, Ghana. Journal of Education and Practice, 6(1), 61-68.
  50. Kock, F., Berbekova, A., & Assaf, A. G. (2021). Understanding and managing the threat of common method bias: Detection, prevention and control. Tourism Management, 86, 104330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2021.104330
  51. Krejcie, R. V., & Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and psychological measurement, 30(3), 607-610. https://doi.org/10.1177/001316447003000308
  52. Kularajasingam, J., Subramaniam, A., Sarjit Singh, D. K., & Sambasivan, M. (2022). The impact of knowledge sharing behaviour and social intelligence of university academics on their performance: The mediating role of competencies. Journal of Education for Business, 97(1), 54-61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08832323.2021.1887794
  53. Lingard, H., & Francis, V. (2006). Does a supportive work environment moderate the relationship between work‐family conflict and burnout among construction professionals? Construction management and economics, 24(2), 185-196. https://doi.org/10.1080/14697010500226913
  54. Lizano, E. L., Godoy, A. J., & Allen, N. (2019). Spirituality and worker well-being: examining the relationship between spirituality, job burnout, and work engagement. Journal of Religion & Spirituality in Social Work: Social Thought, 1- 20
  55. Luk, D. M., & Shaffer, M. A. (2005). Work and family domain stressors and support: Within‐and cross‐domain influences on work–family conflict. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 78(4), 489-508. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1348/096317905X26741
  56. Mahmood, A., Arshad, M. A., Ahmed, A., Akhtar, S., & Khan, S. (2018). Spiritual intelligence research within human resource development: a thematic review. Management Research Review. https://doi.org/10.1108/MRR-03-2017-0073
  57. Martins, L. L., Eddleston, K. A., & Veiga, J. F. (2002). Moderators of the relationship between work-family conflict and career satisfaction. Academy of management journal, 45(2), 399-409. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.2307/3069354
  58. Masterson, C., Sugiyama, K., & Ladge, J. (2021). The value of 21st century work–family supports: Review and cross‐level path forward. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 42(2), 118-138. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1002/job.2442
  59. McElwain, A. K., Korabik, K., & Rosin, H. M. (2005). An examination of gender differences in work-family conflict. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement, 37(4), 283. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/h0087263
  60. Mohd Dzin, N. H., & Lay, Y. F. (2021). Validity and reliability of adapted self-efficacy scales in Malaysian context using PLS-SEM approach. Education Sciences, 11(11), 676. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci11110676
  61. Molina, J. A. (2021). The work–family conflict: Evidence from the recent decade and lines of future research. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 42(1), 4-10. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1007/s10834-020-09700-0
  62. Nunnally, J. C. (1978). An overview of psychological measurement. Clinical diagnosis of mental disorders, 97-146. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-2490-4_4
  63. Otaye-Ebede, L., Shaffakat, S., & Foster, S. (2019). A Multilevel Model Examining the Relationships Between Workplace Spirituality, Ethical Climate and Outcomes: A Social Cognitive Theory Perspective. Journal of Business Ethics, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-019-04133-8
  64. Powell, G. N., & Mainiero, L. A. (1992). Cross-currents in the river of time: Conceptualizing the complexities of women's careers. Journal of Management, 18(2), 215-237. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920639201800202
  65. Rastogi, M., Karatepe, O. M., & Mehmetoglu, M. (2019). Linking resources to career satisfaction through work–family enrichment. The Service Industries Journal, 39(11-12), 855-876. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2010.05.009
  66. Ronel, N. (2008). The experience of spiritual intelligence. Journal of Transpersonal Psychology, 40(1).
  67. Singh, A., Kaur, P., & Singh, T. (2010). Spiritual intelligence, altruism, school environment and academic achievement as predictor of mental health of adolescents. Journal of Exercise Science and Physiotherapy, 6(1), 34-38. https://search.informit.org/doi/10.3316/informit.842071053240778
  68. Skrzypińska, K. (2021). Does spiritual intelligence (SI) exist? A theoretical investigation of a tool useful for finding the meaning of life. Journal of religion and health, 60(1), 500-516. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-020-01005-8
  69. Sreekumaran Nair, S. L., Aston, J., & Kozlovski, E. (2021). The Role of Work-Life Balance in the Retention of Female Employees in the IT Industry: Responses from the South Indian SME Software Sector.
  70. Sullivan, S. E., & Carraher, S. M. (2018). Using the kaleidoscope career model to create cultures of gender equity. In Research handbook of diversity and careers. Edward Elgar Publishing. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/GM-12-2014-0108
  71. Sultana, R., Yousaf, A., Khan, I., & Saeed, A. (2016). Probing the interactive effects of career commitment and emotional intelligence on perceived objective/subjective career success. Personnel Review. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1108/PR-11-2014-0265
  72. Sürücü, L., & Maslakçi, A. (2020). Validity and reliability in quantitative research. Business & Management Studies: An International Journal, 8(3), 2694-2726. https://doi.org/10.15295/bmij.v8i3.1540
  73. Tewal, B., Lengkong, V. P., Pandowo, M., & Nelwan, O. S. (2021). The Effect of Work-Family Conflict on Job Satisfactionand Job Performance of Banking Employee in North Sulawesi. Am. J. Humanit. Soc. Sci. Res, 5, 24-32.
  74. Thamrin, M., & Riyanto, S. (2020). The effect of work motivation, work environment, and work life balance on employee performance at pt. Angkasapura i (persero) sultan aji muhammad sulaiman sepinggan airport–balikpapan. IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences, 19(6), 40-47.
  75. Thurairajah, K. (2013). Work Family Conflict and its impact on Career and relation to Gender. European Journal of Business and Management, 5(30).
  76. Tripathi, S. (2022). Gender and Organizational Culture: Changing the Vantage Point. http://dx.doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/5w32n
  77. Ugwu, K. E., Kekeocha, M., & Chukwu, E. O. (2018). Impact of work-family conflict on career advancement of female professionals in commercial banks of Ebonyi State, Nigeria. International Journal of Management, Accounting and Economics. https://ssrn.com/abstract=3661356
  78. Victor, L. D., & Thavakumar, D. (2011). Occupational Stress: A Study of the Private Banks in Batticaloa District. http://repository.kln.ac.lk/handle/123456789/3549
  79. Virgilio, F. D., Bova, N., & Holt, S. (2015). Physical and psychosocial sources as potential predictors of job stress in the workplace. In Global enterprise management (pp. 37-59). Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137429599_3
  80. Wayne, J. H., Casper, W. J., Matthews, R. A., & Allen, T. D. (2013). Family-supportive organization perceptions and organizational commitment: The mediating role of work–family conflict and enrichment and partner attitudes. Journal of applied psychology, 98(4), 606. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/a0032491
  81. Xie, L., & Wang, B. (2022). Chinese older adults' personal–family life balance and its associations with social networks: The moderating role of internet use. International Journal of Social Welfare, 31(4), 476-491. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159576