Main Article Content
Abstract
This study investigates the positive role of workplace romance in enhancing job performance among Millennial and Generation Z employees across multi-organizational settings in Indonesia. Using a quantitative approach with 370 respondents who have experienced workplace romance, the research tests a mediation model where workplace happiness and fun at work serve as affective mechanisms linking romance to performance. The findings reveal that, when consensual and well-managed, romantic relationships at work can foster emotional support, engagement, and stronger social bonds, leading to improved job outcomes. The study’s novelty lies in reframing workplace romance—not as a risk factor—but as a potential emotional and motivational resource, particularly within collectivist cultures and younger generational cohorts. It is among the first to empirically demonstrate the dual mediating roles of workplace happiness and fun at work, contributing to both Affective Events Theory and the Broaden-and-Build Theory of Positive Emotions. The study offers theoretical insights and practical implications for organizations navigating relational dynamics in Indonesia’s rapidly evolving workforce.
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References
- Abdalla, P. A., & Agustina, T. S. (2024). The effect of workplace romance on job performance mediated by job engagement among employees: Case study from PKU Muhammadiyah Hospital Surabaya, Indonesia. Golden Ratio of Human Resource Management, 4(2), 141–152. https://doi.org/10.52970/grhrm.v5i1.752
- Alder, S., & Quist, D. M. (2014). Rethinking love at the office: Antecedents and consequences of coworker evaluations of workplace romances. Human Resource Management, 53(3), 329–351. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.21572 vLex
- Amanda, H. J. B. L., & Mustika, M. D. (2023). Workplace romance: Examining romance motives and organization policies in Indonesia. Humaniora, 14(2), 147–155. https://doi.org/10.21512/humaniora.v14i2.8419
- Anand, A., Doll, J. L., Centobelli, P., Singh, S. K., & Cerchione, R. (2023). Struck by a cupid’s arrow: The conjuring bliss and sinister shades of employee workplace romance. Journal of Business Research, 154, 113304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.113304
- Bakker, A. B., Rodríguez-Muñoz, A., & Tims, M. (2025). Playful work design and work engagement: A self-determination theory perspective. Journal of Business and Psychology, 40(2), 217–233. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-025-10017-8
- Carson, J., & Barling, J. (2008). Romantic relationships at work: Old issues, new challenges. In K. Näswall, J. Hellgren, & M. Sverke (Eds.), The individual in the changing working life (pp. 195–210). Cambridge University Press.
- Cavico, F. J., & Mujtaba, B. G. (2021). Workplace romance and sexual favoritism in the #MeToo workplace: Legal and practical considerations for management. Equality, Diversity and Inclusion, 40(6), 667–689. https://doi.org/10.1108/EDI-11-2020-0324
- Chen, J., & Sun, L. (2024). The double-edged sword of workplace fun: Its impact on task crafting and service innovative behavior. Journal of Business Research, 174, 114215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2024.114215
- Chory, R. M., Mainiero, L., & Horan, S. M. (2022). Workplace romance and career reputation effects across industries. International Journal of Business Communication. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/23294884221100800
- De Bruyne, E., & Gerritse, D. (2018). Exploring the future workplace: Results of the futures forum study. Journal of Corporate Real Estate, 20(3), 196–213. https://doi.org/10.1108/JCRE-09-2017-0030
- Doll, J. L., & Rosopa, P. J. (2015). Workplace romances: Examining attitudes, experience, conscientiousness, and policies. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 30(4), 439–453. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMP-11-2012-0368 Emerald
- Fisher, C. D. (2010). Happiness at work. International Journal of Management Reviews, 12(4), 384–412. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2370.2009.00270.x
- Fredrickson, B. L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. American Psychologist, 56(3), 218–226. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.56.3.218
- Horan, S. M., & Chory, R. M. (2011). Understanding work/life blending: Credibility implications for those who date at work. Communication Studies, 62(5), 563–580. https://doi.org/10.1080/10510974.2011.582663
- Horan, S. M., Chory, R. M., Craw, E. S., & Mainiero, L. (2023). Workplace romance policies, behaviors, and reputational beliefs: Experiences of employees from major US cities. Communication Quarterly, 72(2), 121–147. https://doi.org/10.1080/01463373.2023.2293969
- Hosie, P., Willemyns, M., & Sevastos, P. (2012). The impact of happiness on managers’ contextual and task performance. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 50(3), 268–287. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7941.2012.00029.x
- Iqbal, J., Bashir, A., & Yousaf, H. (2023). The role of workplace fun in enhancing employee outcomes: An empirical study in the service sector. Review of Applied Management and Social Sciences, 6(2), 145–159.
- Jung, H. S., & Yoon, H. H. (2020). How does workplace romance influence employee performance in the hospitality industry? Sustainability, 12(13), 5478. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12135478
- Karl, K. A., & Peluchette, J. V. (2006). Does workplace fun buffer the impact of emotional exhaustion on job satisfaction? Journal of Behavioral and Applied Management, 7(2), 128–141. https://jbam.scholasticahq.com/article/16553-does-workplace-fun-buffer-the-impact-of-emotional-exhaustion-on-job-dissatisfaction-a-study-of-health-care-workers jbam.scholasticahq.com
- Khalilzadeh, J., & Pizam, A. (2021). Workplace romance across different industries with a focus on hospitality and leisure. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 94, 102845. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102845
- Khan, M. A. S., Jianguo, D., Usman, M., & Ahmad, M. I. (2017). Moderated mediation model of interrelations between workplace romance, well-being, and employee performance. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 2158. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02158
- Khan, M. A. S., Jianguo, D., Hameed, A. A., Mushtaq, T. U. L., & Usman, M. (2018). Affective commitment foci as parallel mediators of the relationship between workplace romance and employee job performance. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 11, 267–278. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S168542
- Mainiero, L. A. (1989). Office romance: Love, power, and sex in the workplace. Rawson Associates.
- Mano, R., & Gabriel, Y. (2006). Workplace romances in cold and hot organizational climates: The experience of Israel and Taiwan. Human Relations, 59(1), 7–35. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726706062739
- Pierce, C. A., Byrne, D., & Aguinis, H. (1996). Attraction in organizations: A model of workplace romance. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 17(1), 5–32. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1379(199601)17:1<5::AID-JOB823>3.0.CO;2-D
- Pierce, C. A., Karl, K. A., & Brey, E. T. (2012). Role of workplace romance policies and procedures on job pursuit intentions. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 27(3), 237–263. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683941211205808
- Powell, G. N. (2001). Workplace romances between senior-level executives and lower-level employees: An issue of work disruption and gender. Human Resource Management, 40(1), 5–14. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.1001
- Quinn, R. E. (1977). Coping with cupid: The formation, impact, and management of romantic relationships in organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly, 22(1), 30–45. https://doi.org/10.2307/2391744
- Salas-Vallina, A., Alegre, J., & Fernández, R. (2017). Happiness at work and organisational citizenship behaviour: Is organisational learning a missing link? Personnel Review, 46(3), 628–648. https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-12-2015-0311
- Sidhu, A., Bhalla, P., & Nazneen, A. (2020). Impact of workplace romance on organizational settings and policies: Review research. Prabandhan: Indian Journal of Management, 13(5–7), 44–57. https://doi.org/10.17010/pijom/2020/v13i5-7/153081
- Tews, M. J., Michel, J. W., & Allen, D. G. (2014). Fun and friends: The impact of workplace fun and constituent attachment on turnover in a hospitality context. Human Relations, 67(8), 923–946. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726713508143
- Tews, M. J., Michel, J. W., & Bartlett, A. L. (2015). The functional roles of fun in the workplace. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 88, 131–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2015.03.005
- Tews, M. J., Michel, J. W., & Bartlett, A. L. (2016). The fun climate at work: Investigating the effects of fun at work on employee engagement and proactive behavior. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 235, 175–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.11.013
- The Hill. (2025, April 10). Gen Z more likely to blur the lines between romance and work, says new survey. The Hill. https://thehill.com/lobbying/5145488-gen-z-more-likely-to-blur-the-lines-between-romance-and-work-says-new-survey
- Weiss, H. M., & Cropanzano, R. (1996). Affective events theory: A theoretical discussion of the structure, causes, and consequences of affective experiences at work. In B. M. Staw & L. L. Cummings (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior (Vol. 18, pp. 1–74). JAI Press.
- Wilson, F. (2015). Romantic relationships at work: Why love can hurt. International Journal of Management Reviews, 17(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijmr.12034
- Wilson, F. M. (2015). Organizational behaviour and work: A critical introduction (4th ed.). Oxford University Press.
- Wilson, S., Filosa, J., & Foust, K. A. (2015). Workplace romance and organizational communication: Understanding the impact of communication behaviors on the relationship–performance link. Management Communication Quarterly, 29(2), 257–277. https://doi.org/10.1177/0893318914565471
- Yue, Y., Zhang, Y., & Liu, Q. (2023). Workplace fun and creative behavior in China: The moderating roles of managerial support and trust. Heliyon, 9(7), e01804. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e01804
- Zelenski, J. M., Murphy, S. A., & Jenkins, D. A. (2008). The happy-productive worker thesis revisited. Journal of Happiness Studies, 9(4), 521–537. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-008-9080-4
- Zhang, L., Huang, L., & Wang, X. (2024). Fun at work and its impact on innovative behavior: The mediating role of affective commitment among nurses. BMC Psychology, 12, Article 198. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-024-02269-5
References
Abdalla, P. A., & Agustina, T. S. (2024). The effect of workplace romance on job performance mediated by job engagement among employees: Case study from PKU Muhammadiyah Hospital Surabaya, Indonesia. Golden Ratio of Human Resource Management, 4(2), 141–152. https://doi.org/10.52970/grhrm.v5i1.752
Alder, S., & Quist, D. M. (2014). Rethinking love at the office: Antecedents and consequences of coworker evaluations of workplace romances. Human Resource Management, 53(3), 329–351. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.21572 vLex
Amanda, H. J. B. L., & Mustika, M. D. (2023). Workplace romance: Examining romance motives and organization policies in Indonesia. Humaniora, 14(2), 147–155. https://doi.org/10.21512/humaniora.v14i2.8419
Anand, A., Doll, J. L., Centobelli, P., Singh, S. K., & Cerchione, R. (2023). Struck by a cupid’s arrow: The conjuring bliss and sinister shades of employee workplace romance. Journal of Business Research, 154, 113304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.113304
Bakker, A. B., Rodríguez-Muñoz, A., & Tims, M. (2025). Playful work design and work engagement: A self-determination theory perspective. Journal of Business and Psychology, 40(2), 217–233. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-025-10017-8
Carson, J., & Barling, J. (2008). Romantic relationships at work: Old issues, new challenges. In K. Näswall, J. Hellgren, & M. Sverke (Eds.), The individual in the changing working life (pp. 195–210). Cambridge University Press.
Cavico, F. J., & Mujtaba, B. G. (2021). Workplace romance and sexual favoritism in the #MeToo workplace: Legal and practical considerations for management. Equality, Diversity and Inclusion, 40(6), 667–689. https://doi.org/10.1108/EDI-11-2020-0324
Chen, J., & Sun, L. (2024). The double-edged sword of workplace fun: Its impact on task crafting and service innovative behavior. Journal of Business Research, 174, 114215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2024.114215
Chory, R. M., Mainiero, L., & Horan, S. M. (2022). Workplace romance and career reputation effects across industries. International Journal of Business Communication. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/23294884221100800
De Bruyne, E., & Gerritse, D. (2018). Exploring the future workplace: Results of the futures forum study. Journal of Corporate Real Estate, 20(3), 196–213. https://doi.org/10.1108/JCRE-09-2017-0030
Doll, J. L., & Rosopa, P. J. (2015). Workplace romances: Examining attitudes, experience, conscientiousness, and policies. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 30(4), 439–453. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMP-11-2012-0368 Emerald
Fisher, C. D. (2010). Happiness at work. International Journal of Management Reviews, 12(4), 384–412. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2370.2009.00270.x
Fredrickson, B. L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. American Psychologist, 56(3), 218–226. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.56.3.218
Horan, S. M., & Chory, R. M. (2011). Understanding work/life blending: Credibility implications for those who date at work. Communication Studies, 62(5), 563–580. https://doi.org/10.1080/10510974.2011.582663
Horan, S. M., Chory, R. M., Craw, E. S., & Mainiero, L. (2023). Workplace romance policies, behaviors, and reputational beliefs: Experiences of employees from major US cities. Communication Quarterly, 72(2), 121–147. https://doi.org/10.1080/01463373.2023.2293969
Hosie, P., Willemyns, M., & Sevastos, P. (2012). The impact of happiness on managers’ contextual and task performance. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 50(3), 268–287. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7941.2012.00029.x
Iqbal, J., Bashir, A., & Yousaf, H. (2023). The role of workplace fun in enhancing employee outcomes: An empirical study in the service sector. Review of Applied Management and Social Sciences, 6(2), 145–159.
Jung, H. S., & Yoon, H. H. (2020). How does workplace romance influence employee performance in the hospitality industry? Sustainability, 12(13), 5478. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12135478
Karl, K. A., & Peluchette, J. V. (2006). Does workplace fun buffer the impact of emotional exhaustion on job satisfaction? Journal of Behavioral and Applied Management, 7(2), 128–141. https://jbam.scholasticahq.com/article/16553-does-workplace-fun-buffer-the-impact-of-emotional-exhaustion-on-job-dissatisfaction-a-study-of-health-care-workers jbam.scholasticahq.com
Khalilzadeh, J., & Pizam, A. (2021). Workplace romance across different industries with a focus on hospitality and leisure. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 94, 102845. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102845
Khan, M. A. S., Jianguo, D., Usman, M., & Ahmad, M. I. (2017). Moderated mediation model of interrelations between workplace romance, well-being, and employee performance. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 2158. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02158
Khan, M. A. S., Jianguo, D., Hameed, A. A., Mushtaq, T. U. L., & Usman, M. (2018). Affective commitment foci as parallel mediators of the relationship between workplace romance and employee job performance. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 11, 267–278. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S168542
Mainiero, L. A. (1989). Office romance: Love, power, and sex in the workplace. Rawson Associates.
Mano, R., & Gabriel, Y. (2006). Workplace romances in cold and hot organizational climates: The experience of Israel and Taiwan. Human Relations, 59(1), 7–35. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726706062739
Pierce, C. A., Byrne, D., & Aguinis, H. (1996). Attraction in organizations: A model of workplace romance. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 17(1), 5–32. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1379(199601)17:1<5::AID-JOB823>3.0.CO;2-D
Pierce, C. A., Karl, K. A., & Brey, E. T. (2012). Role of workplace romance policies and procedures on job pursuit intentions. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 27(3), 237–263. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683941211205808
Powell, G. N. (2001). Workplace romances between senior-level executives and lower-level employees: An issue of work disruption and gender. Human Resource Management, 40(1), 5–14. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.1001
Quinn, R. E. (1977). Coping with cupid: The formation, impact, and management of romantic relationships in organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly, 22(1), 30–45. https://doi.org/10.2307/2391744
Salas-Vallina, A., Alegre, J., & Fernández, R. (2017). Happiness at work and organisational citizenship behaviour: Is organisational learning a missing link? Personnel Review, 46(3), 628–648. https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-12-2015-0311
Sidhu, A., Bhalla, P., & Nazneen, A. (2020). Impact of workplace romance on organizational settings and policies: Review research. Prabandhan: Indian Journal of Management, 13(5–7), 44–57. https://doi.org/10.17010/pijom/2020/v13i5-7/153081
Tews, M. J., Michel, J. W., & Allen, D. G. (2014). Fun and friends: The impact of workplace fun and constituent attachment on turnover in a hospitality context. Human Relations, 67(8), 923–946. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726713508143
Tews, M. J., Michel, J. W., & Bartlett, A. L. (2015). The functional roles of fun in the workplace. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 88, 131–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2015.03.005
Tews, M. J., Michel, J. W., & Bartlett, A. L. (2016). The fun climate at work: Investigating the effects of fun at work on employee engagement and proactive behavior. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 235, 175–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.11.013
The Hill. (2025, April 10). Gen Z more likely to blur the lines between romance and work, says new survey. The Hill. https://thehill.com/lobbying/5145488-gen-z-more-likely-to-blur-the-lines-between-romance-and-work-says-new-survey
Weiss, H. M., & Cropanzano, R. (1996). Affective events theory: A theoretical discussion of the structure, causes, and consequences of affective experiences at work. In B. M. Staw & L. L. Cummings (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior (Vol. 18, pp. 1–74). JAI Press.
Wilson, F. (2015). Romantic relationships at work: Why love can hurt. International Journal of Management Reviews, 17(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijmr.12034
Wilson, F. M. (2015). Organizational behaviour and work: A critical introduction (4th ed.). Oxford University Press.
Wilson, S., Filosa, J., & Foust, K. A. (2015). Workplace romance and organizational communication: Understanding the impact of communication behaviors on the relationship–performance link. Management Communication Quarterly, 29(2), 257–277. https://doi.org/10.1177/0893318914565471
Yue, Y., Zhang, Y., & Liu, Q. (2023). Workplace fun and creative behavior in China: The moderating roles of managerial support and trust. Heliyon, 9(7), e01804. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e01804
Zelenski, J. M., Murphy, S. A., & Jenkins, D. A. (2008). The happy-productive worker thesis revisited. Journal of Happiness Studies, 9(4), 521–537. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-008-9080-4
Zhang, L., Huang, L., & Wang, X. (2024). Fun at work and its impact on innovative behavior: The mediating role of affective commitment among nurses. BMC Psychology, 12, Article 198. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-024-02269-5